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Linux sudo命令以系统管理者的身份执行指令

发布时间:2023-10-26 10:35:06 所属栏目:Linux 来源:网络
导读:   Linux sudo命令以系统管理者的身份执行指令,也就是说,经由 sudo 所执行的指令就好像是 root 亲自执行。



  使用权限:在 /etc/sudoers 中有出现的使用者。



  语法
  Linux sudo命令以系统管理者的身份执行指令,也就是说,经由 sudo 所执行的指令就好像是 root 亲自执行。
 
  使用权限:在 /etc/sudoers 中有出现的使用者。
 
  语法
 
  sudo -V
 
  sudo -h
 
  sudo -l
 
  sudo -v
 
  sudo -k
 
  sudo -s
 
  sudo -H
 
  sudo [ -b ] [ -p prompt ] [ -u username/#uid] -s
 
  sudo command
 
  参数说明:
 
  -V 显示版本编号
 
  -h 会显示版本编号及指令的使用方式说明
 
  -l 显示出自己(执行 sudo 的使用者)的权限
 
  -v 因为 sudo 在第一次执行时或是在 N 分钟内没有执行(N 预设为五)会问密码,这个参数是重新做一次确认,如果超过 N 分钟,也会问密码
 
  -k 将会强迫使用者在下一次执行 sudo 时问密码(不论有没有超过 N 分钟)
 
  -b 将要执行的指令放在背景执行
 
  -p prompt 可以更改问密码的提示语,其中 %u 会代换为使用者的帐号名称, %h 会显示主机名称
 
  -u username/#uid 不加此参数,代表要以 root 的身份执行指令,而加了此参数,可以以 username 的身份执行指令(#uid 为该 username 的使用者号码)
 
  -s 执行环境变数中的 SHELL 所指定的 shell ,或是 /etc/passwd 里所指定的 shell
 
  -H 将环境变数中的 HOME (家目录)指定为要变更身份的使用者家目录(如不加 -u 参数就是系统管理者 root )
 
  command 要以系统管理者身份(或以 -u 更改为其他人)执行的指令
 
  实例
 
  sudo命令使用
 
  $ sudo ls
 
  [sudo] password for hnlinux:
 
  hnlinux is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.
 
  指定用户执行命令
 
  sudo -u userb ls -l
 
  显示sudo设置
 
  $ sudo -L //显示sudo设置
 
  Available options in a sudoers ``Defaults'' line:
 
  syslog: Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging
 
  syslog_goodpri: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully
 
  syslog_badpri: Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully
 
  long_otp_prompt: Put OTP prompt on its own line
 
  ignore_dot: Ignore '.' in $PATH
 
  mail_always: Always send mail when sudo is run
 
  mail_badpass: Send mail if user authentication fails
 
  mail_no_user: Send mail if the user is not in sudoers
 
  mail_no_host: Send mail if the user is not in sudoers for this host
 
  mail_no_perms: Send mail if the user is not allowed to run a command
 
  tty_tickets: Use a separate timestamp for each user/tty combo
 
  lecture: Lecture user the first time they run sudo
 
  lecture_file: File containing the sudo lecture
 
  authenticate: Require users to authenticate by default
 
  root_sudo: Root may run sudo
 
  log_host: Log the hostname in the (non-syslog) log file
 
  log_year: Log the year in the (non-syslog) log file
 
  shell_noargs: If sudo is invoked with no arguments, start a shell
 
  set_home: Set $HOME to the target user when starting a shell with -s
 
  always_set_home: Always set $HOME to the target user's home directory
 
  path_info: Allow some information gathering to give useful error messages
 
  fqdn: Require fully-qualified hostnames in the sudoers file
 
  insults: Insult the user when they enter an incorrect password
 
  requiretty: Only allow the user to run sudo if they have a tty
 
  env_editor: Visudo will honor the EDITOR environment variable
 
  rootpw: Prompt for root's password, not the users's
 
  runaspw: Prompt for the runas_default user's password, not the users's
 
  targetpw: Prompt for the target user's password, not the users's
 
  use_loginclass: Apply defaults in the target user's login class if there is one
 
  set_logname: Set the LOGNAME and USER environment variables
 
  stay_setuid: Only set the effective uid to the target user, not the real uid
 
  preserve_groups: Don't initialize the group vector to that of the target user
 
  loglinelen: Length at which to wrap log file lines (0 for no wrap)
 
  timestamp_timeout: Authentication timestamp timeout
 
  passwd_timeout: Password prompt timeout
 
  passwd_tries: Number of tries to enter a password
 
  umask: Umask to use or 0777 to use user's
 
  logfile: Path to log file
 
  mailerpath: Path to mail program
 
  mailerflags: Flags for mail program
 
  mailto: Address to send mail to
 
  mailfrom: Address to send mail from
 
  mailsub: Subject line for mail messages
 
  badpass_message: Incorrect password message
 
  timestampdir: Path to authentication timestamp dir
 
  timestampowner: Owner of the authentication timestamp dir
 
  exempt_group: Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH requirements
 
  passprompt: Default password prompt
 
  passprompt_override: If set, passprompt will override system prompt in all cases.
 
  runas_default: Default user to run commands as
 
  secure_path: Value to override user's $PATH with
 
  editor: Path to the editor for use by visudo
 
  listpw: When to require a password for 'list' pseudocommand
 
  verifypw: When to require a password for 'verify' pseudocommand
 
  noexec: Preload the dummy exec functions contained in 'noexec_file'
 
  noexec_file: File containing dummy exec functions
 
  ignore_local_sudoers: If LDAP directory is up, do we ignore local sudoers file
 
  closefrom: File descriptors >= %d will be closed before executing a command
 
  closefrom_override: If set, users may override the value of `closefrom' with the -C option
 
  setenv: Allow users to set arbitrary environment variables
 
  env_reset: Reset the environment to a default set of variables
 
  env_check: Environment variables to check for sanity
 
  env_delete: Environment variables to remove
 
  env_keep: Environment variables to preserve
 
  role: SELinux role to use in the new security context
 
  type: SELinux type to use in the new security context
 
  askpass: Path to the askpass helper program
 
  env_file: Path to the sudo-specific environment file
 
  sudoers_locale: Locale to use while parsing sudoers
 
  visiblepw: Allow sudo to prompt for a password even if it would be visisble
 
  pwfeedback: Provide visual feedback at the password prompt when there is user input
 
  fast_glob: Use faster globbing that is less accurate but does not access the filesystem
 
  umask_override: The umask specified in sudoers will override the user's, even if it is more permissive
 
  以root权限执行上一条命令
 
  $ sudo !!
 
  以特定用户身份进行编辑文本
 
  $ sudo -u uggc vi ~www/index.html
 
  //以 uggc 用户身份编辑  home 目录下www目录中的 index.html 文件
 
  列出目前的权限
 
  sudo -l
 
  列出 sudo 的版本资讯
 
  sudo -V
 

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